Romia Grekio: Malsamoj inter versioj

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Romia Grekio kiel oni priskribas ĝin tie ĉi estas la periodo de la Historio de Grekio kiu koncernas al ties konstituo kiel Romia provinco kio sekvis al la Romia venko super Korinto, je la Batalo de Korinto (146 a.K.), ĝis la adopto de la urbo Bizanco fare de la imperiestro Konstantino la Granda kiel la ĉefurbo de la Romia Imperio (kiel Nova Roma, poste Konstantinopolo) en la jaro 330 n.e.

Frua Romia Historio

La Greka duoninsulo unufoje venis sub regado de la Roma Respubliko en 146 a.K. post la Batalo de Korinto kiam Makedonio iĝis Romia provinco, dum suda Grekio venis sub la kontrolo de la prefekto de Makedonio. Tamen, kelkaj grekaj urbo-ŝtatoj sukcesis reteni partan sendependon kaj eviti impostotrudon. La regno de Pergamo estis dekomence aldonita al tiu teritorio en 133 a.K. kiam la reĝo Atalo la 3-a lasis siajn teritoriojn al la Romia popolo en sia testamento.^[1] Tamen, la Romianoj estis malrapidaj certigi sian plendon kaj Aristoniko kondukis al la ribelo kun la helpo de Blosio. Tiu situacio finiĝis en 129 a.K., kiam Pergamo estis dividita inter Romo, Ponto, kaj Kapadokio.

Ateno kaj aliaj grekaj urboj ribeliĝis en 88 a.K., kaj la ribelo estis venkita de la romia generalo Sulla. La romiaj enlandaj militoj detruis la landon eĉ plie, ĝis Augustus organizis la duoninsulon kiel la provinco de Aĥea en 27 a.K.

Grekio, dekomence ekonomie ruinigita, ekstaris ekonomie post la militoj. La grekaj urboj de Malgranda Azio rekuperiĝis pli rapide dekomence ol la urboj en la greka duoninsulo, kiuj estis tre forte damaĝitaj de la fortoj de Sulla. La Romianoj tamen ege investis, kaj rekonstruis tiujn urbojn. Korinto iĝis la ĉefurbo de la nova provinco Aĥea, dum Ateno prosperis kiel tradicia centro de filozofio kaj lernado.

Frua Romia Imperio

La vivo en Grekio pluis sub la Romia Imperio multe same kiel ĝi estis irinta antaŭe. Fakte la romia kulturo estis tre influita de la Grekoj; kiel Horacio diris, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("La kaptita Grekio kaptis sian krudan konkerinton"). La eposoj de Homero inspiris la Eneado de Vergilio, kaj aŭtoroj kiaj Seneko la Juna verkis uzante grekajn stilojn. Kvankam kelkaj romiaj nobeloj regardis la grekojn kiel banalaj kaj malprogresaj, multaj aliaj brakumis la Grekajn literaturon kaj filozofion. La Greka lingvo iĝis preferata de la edukitoj kaj de la elito en Romo, kiel ekzemple Skipio Afrika, kiu klopodis studi filozofion kaj rigardis la grekajn kulturon kaj sciencon kiel sekvenda ekzemplo.

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Simile, plej romiaj imperiestroj montris admiron por grekaj aferoj. La Romia Imperiestro Nerono vizitis Grekion en la jaro 66 n.e., kaj partoprenis en la Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. He was honored with a victory in every contest, and in the following year he proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games in Corinth, just as Flamininus had over 200 years previously. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens. He also built his Arch of Hadrian there.

Many temples and public buildings were built in Greece by emperors and wealthy Roman nobility, especially in Athens. Julius Caesar began construction of the Roman agora in Athens, and was finished by Augustus. The main gate, Gate of Athena Archegetis, was dedicated to the patron goddess of Athens, Athena. The Agrippeia was built in the center of the newly built Roman Agora by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. The Tower of the Winds was built by Andronicus of Cyrrhus in 50 BC, although it may predate the entire Roman section of Athens. The emperor Hadrian was a philhellene and an ardent admirer of Greece and, seeing himself as an heir to Pericles, made many contributions to Athens. He built the Library of Hadrian in the city, as well as completing construction of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, some 638 years after its construction was started by Athenian tyrants, but ended due to the belief that building on such a scale to be hubristic. The Athenians built the Arch of Hadrian to honor Emperor Hadrian. The side of the arch facing the Athenian agora and the Acropolis had an inscription stating "This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus." The side facing the Roman agora and the new city had an inscription stating "This is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus." Adrianou (Hadrian Street) exists to this day, leading from the arch to the Roman agora.

The Pax Romana was the longest period of peace in Greek history, and Greece became a major crossroads of maritime trade between Rome and the Greek speaking eastern half of the empire. The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome.

During this time, Greece and much of the rest of the Roman east came under the influence of Early Christianity. The apostle Paul of Tarsus preached in Philippi, Corinth and Athens, and Greece soon became one of the most highly Christianized areas of the empire.

Malfrua Romia Imperio

During the second and third centuries, Greece was divided into provinces including Achaea, Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Sparta. During the reign of Diocletian in the late 3rd century, Moesia was organized as a diocese, and was ruled by Galerius. Under Constantine (who professed Christianity) Hellas was part of the prefectures of Macedonia and Thrace. Theodosius divided the prefecture of Macedonia into the provinces of Creta, Achaea, Thessalia, Epirus Vetus, Epirus Nova, and Macedonia. The Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the prefecture of Asiana.

Greece faced invasions from the Heruli, Goths, and Vandals during the reign of Romulus Augustulus. Stilicho, who acted as regent for Arcadius, evacuated Thessaly when the Visigoths invaded in the late 4th century. Arcadius' Chamberlain Eutropius allowed Alaric to enter Greece, and he looted Athens, Corinth and the Peloponnese. Stilicho eventually drove him out around 397 and Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum. Eventually, Alaric and the Goths migrated to Italy, sacked Rome in 410, and built the Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia, which lasted until 711 with the advent of the Arabs.

Greece remained part of the relatively unified eastern half of the empire, which eventually became the center of the remaining Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Contrary to outdated visions of Late Antiquity, the Greek peninsula was most likely one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire. Older scenarios of poverty, depopulation, barbarian destruction and civil decay have been revised in light of recent archaeological discoveries.^[2] In fact the polis, as an institution, appears to have remained prosperous until at least the sixth century. Contemporary texts such as Hierokles' Syndekmos affirm that Late antiquity Greece was highly urbanised and contained approximately 80 cities.^[2] This view of extreme prosperity is widely accepted today, and it is assumed between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, Greece may have been one of the most economically active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.^[2]

Referencoj

Ŝablono:Reflist

Fontoj

Bernhardt, Rainer (1977). "Der Status des 146 v. Chr. unterworfenen Teils Griechenlands bis zur Einrichtung der Provinz Achaia". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (germane). 26 (1): 62–73. JSTOR 4435542.
Boardman, John The Oxford History of Greece & the Hellenistic World 2nd Edition Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-280137-6
Rothaus, Richard M. Corinth: The First City of Greece. Brill, 2000. ISBN 90-04-10922-6

↑ Livy: Periochae 58
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Rothaus, p. 10. "The question of the continuity of civic institutions and the nature of the polis in the late antique and early Byzantine world have become a vexed question, for a variety of reasons. Students of this subject continue to contend with scholars of earlier periods who adhere to a much-outdated vision of late antiquity as a decadent decline into impoverished fragmentation. The cities of late-antique Greece displayed a marked degree of continuity. Scenarios of barbarian destruction, civic decay, and manorialization simply do not fit. In fact, the city as an institution appears to have prospered in Greece during this period. It was not until the end of the 6th century (and maybe not even then) that the dissolution of the city became a problem in Greece. If the early sixth century Syndekmos of Hierokles is taken at face value, late-antique Greece was highly urbanized and contained approximately eighty cities. This extreme prosperity is born out by recent archaeological surveys in the Aegean. For late-antique Greece, a paradigm of prosperity and transformation is more accurate and useful than a paradigm of decline and fall."

[1] Livy: Periochae 58

[corinth-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Rothaus, p. 10. "The question of the continuity of civic institutions and the nature of the polis in the late antique and early Byzantine world have become a vexed question, for a variety of reasons. Students of this subject continue to contend with scholars of earlier periods who adhere to a much-outdated vision of late antiquity as a decadent decline into impoverished fragmentation. The cities of late-antique Greece displayed a marked degree of continuity. Scenarios of barbarian destruction, civic decay, and manorialization simply do not fit. In fact, the city as an institution appears to have prospered in Greece during this period. It was not until the end of the 6th century (and maybe not even then) that the dissolution of the city became a problem in Greece. If the early sixth century Syndekmos of Hierokles is taken at face value, late-antique Greece was highly urbanized and contained approximately eighty cities. This extreme prosperity is born out by recent archaeological surveys in the Aegean. For late-antique Greece, a paradigm of prosperity and transformation is more accurate and useful than a paradigm of decline and fall."

[1]

[2]

@@ Linio 9: / Linio 9: @@
 ==Frua Romia Imperio==
+La vivo en Grekio pluis sub la Romia Imperio multe same kiel ĝi estis irinta antaŭe. Fakte la romia kulturo estis tre influita de la Grekoj; kiel [[Horacio]] diris, ''Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit'' ("La kaptita Grekio kaptis sian krudan konkerinton"). La eposoj de [[Homero]] inspiris la [[Eneado]] de [[Vergilio]], kaj aŭtoroj kiaj [[Seneko la Juna]] verkis uzante grekajn stilojn. Kvankam kelkaj romiaj nobeloj regardis la grekojn kiel banalaj kaj malprogresaj, multaj aliaj brakumis la [[Greka literaturo|Grekajn literaturon]] kaj [[Greka filozofio|filozofion]]. La [[Greka lingvo]] iĝis preferata de la edukitoj kaj de la elito en Romo, kiel ekzemple [[Skipio Afrika]], kiu klopodis studi [[filozofio]]n kaj rigardis la grekajn kulturon kaj sciencon kiel sekvenda ekzemplo.
 {{redaktata}}
+Simile, plej romiaj imperiestroj montris admiron por grekaj aferoj. La [[Romia Imperiestro]] [[Nerono]] vizitis Grekion en la jaro 66 n.e., kaj partoprenis en la [[Ancient Olympic Games]], despite the rules against non-Greek participation. He was honored with a victory in every contest, and in the following year he proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the [[Isthmian Games]] in Corinth, just as [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus|Flamininus]] had over 200 years previously. [[Hadrian]] was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an [[eponymous archon]] of Athens. He also built his [[Arch of Hadrian (Athens)|Arch of Hadrian]] there.
-Life in Greece continued under the Roman Empire much the same as it had previously. Roman culture was highly influenced by the Greeks; as [[Horace]] said, ''Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit'' ("Captive Greece captured her rude conqueror"). The epics of [[Homer]] inspired the [[Aeneid]] of [[Virgil]], and authors such as [[Seneca the younger]] wrote using Greek styles. While some Roman nobles regarded the Greeks as backwards and petty, many others embraced [[Greek literature]] and [[Greek philosophy|philosophy]]. The Greek language became a favorite of the educated and elite in Rome, such as [[Scipio Africanus]], who tended to study [[philosophy]] and regard Greek culture and science as an example to be followed.
-Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The [[Roman Emperor]] [[Nero]] visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the [[Ancient Olympic Games]], despite the rules against non-Greek participation. He was honored with a victory in every contest, and in the following year he proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the [[Isthmian Games]] in Corinth, just as [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus|Flamininus]] had over 200 years previously. [[Hadrian]] was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an [[eponymous archon]] of Athens. He also built his [[Arch of Hadrian (Athens)|Arch of Hadrian]] there.
 Many temples and public buildings were built in Greece by emperors and wealthy Roman nobility, especially in Athens. [[Julius Caesar]] began construction of the [[Roman Agora|Roman agora]] in Athens, and was finished by [[Augustus]]. The main gate, [[Gate of Athena Archegetis]], was dedicated to the patron goddess of Athens, [[Athena]]. The [[Odeon of Agrippa|Agrippeia]] was built in the center of the newly built [[Roman Agora]] by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]. The [[Tower of the Winds]] was built by [[Andronicus of Cyrrhus]] in 50 BC, although it may predate the entire Roman section of Athens. The emperor [[Hadrian]] was a [[Philhellenism|philhellene]] and an ardent admirer of Greece and, seeing himself as an heir to [[Pericles]], made many contributions to Athens. He built the [[Library of Hadrian]] in the city, as well as completing construction of the [[Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens|Temple of Olympian Zeus]], some 638 years after its construction was started by Athenian tyrants, but ended due to the belief that building on such a scale to be [[hubris]]tic. The Athenians built the [[Arch of Hadrian (Athens)|Arch of Hadrian]] to honor Emperor Hadrian. The side of the arch facing the Athenian agora and the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]] had an inscription stating "This is Athens, the ancient city of [[Theseus]]." The side facing the Roman agora and the new city had an inscription stating "This is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus." Adrianou (Hadrian Street) exists to this day, leading from the arch to the Roman agora.