Nov-Asiria Imperio: Malsamoj inter versioj

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La '''Nov-Asiria Imperio''' estis [[Ferepoko|Ferepoka]] [[Mezopotamio|Mezopotamia]] [[imperio]], kiu ekzistis inter la jaroj 911 kaj 609 a.K.,<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=assur-uballit+ii+failed+attempt+harran+a+companion+to+assyria&source=bl&ots=gABGmWUGsp&sig=1ycls362t5MljLckRSzhc6_vvy4&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrwLGrpYHbAhWLXhQKHTveAOMQ6AEIODAB#v=onepage&q=assur-uballit%20ii%20failed%20attempt%20harran%20a%20companion%20to%20assyria&f=false/ A Companion to Assyria]: p. 192</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-ancient-history/the-fall-of-assyria-635609-bc/3D4C90FB7000C5A3E7F3A808FDC8D21D#/ The Cambridge Ancient History] "The fall of Assyria (635–609 B.C.)"</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cyaxares/ Encyclopaedia Britannica] "The Median army took part in the final defeat of the Assyrians in northern Mesopotamia (612–609); and, when the territory of Assyria was divided between Media and Babylonia, Media took Assyria with Harran."</ref> kaj iĝis la plej granda imperio de la mondo ĝis tiu epoko.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 FACTS ON THE ANCIENT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE OF MESOPOTAMIA|url=https://learnodo-newtonic.com/assyrian-empire-facts|publisher=Anirudh}}</ref> La [[Asirianoj]] perfektigis la fruajn teknikojn de imperia regado, multaj el kiuj iĝis normigaj en postaj imperioj,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worlds Together, Worlds Apart|last=Pollard|first=Elizabeth|last2=Tignor|first2=Robert|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Clifford|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2015|isbn=978-0-393-92207-3|location=|pages=128}}</ref> kaj estis, laŭ multaj historiistoj, la unua reĝa imperio en la historio.<ref name="Neo-Assyrian Empire">{{cite web|title=Neo-Assyrian Empire|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Neo-Assyrian_Empire/|publisher=Joshua J. Mark}}</ref> La Asirianoj estis la unuaj kiuj uzis armojn el [[fero]], kaj iliaj trupoj uzis novajn, efikajn militotaktikojn.<ref name="Neo-Assyrian Empire"/>
La '''Nov-Asiria Imperio''' estis [[Ferepoko|Ferepoka]] [[Mezopotamio|Mezopotamia]] [[imperio]], kiu ekzistis inter la jaroj 911 kaj 609 a.K.,<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=assur-uballit+ii+failed+attempt+harran+a+companion+to+assyria&source=bl&ots=gABGmWUGsp&sig=1ycls362t5MljLckRSzhc6_vvy4&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrwLGrpYHbAhWLXhQKHTveAOMQ6AEIODAB#v=onepage&q=assur-uballit%20ii%20failed%20attempt%20harran%20a%20companion%20to%20assyria&f=false/ A Companion to Assyria]: p. 192</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-ancient-history/the-fall-of-assyria-635609-bc/3D4C90FB7000C5A3E7F3A808FDC8D21D#/ The Cambridge Ancient History] "The fall of Assyria (635–609 B.C.)"</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cyaxares/ Encyclopaedia Britannica] "The Median army took part in the final defeat of the Assyrians in northern Mesopotamia (612–609); and, when the territory of Assyria was divided between Media and Babylonia, Media took Assyria with Harran."</ref> kaj iĝis la plej granda imperio de la mondo ĝis tiu epoko.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 FACTS ON THE ANCIENT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE OF MESOPOTAMIA|url=https://learnodo-newtonic.com/assyrian-empire-facts|publisher=Anirudh}}</ref> La [[Asirianoj]] perfektigis la fruajn teknikojn de imperia regado, multaj el kiuj iĝis normigaj en postaj imperioj,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worlds Together, Worlds Apart|last=Pollard|first=Elizabeth|last2=Tignor|first2=Robert|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Clifford|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2015|isbn=978-0-393-92207-3|location=|pages=128}}</ref> kaj estis, laŭ multaj historiistoj, la unua reĝa imperio en la historio.<ref name="Neo-Assyrian Empire">{{cite web|title=Neo-Assyrian Empire|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Neo-Assyrian_Empire/|publisher=Joshua J. Mark}}</ref> La Asirianoj estis la unuaj kiuj uzis armojn el [[fero]], kaj iliaj trupoj uzis novajn, efikajn militotaktikojn.<ref name="Neo-Assyrian Empire"/>
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Post la konkeroj de [[Adad-nirari la 2-a]] fine de la 10a jarcento a.K., [[Asirio]] aperis kiel la plej pova ŝtato en la mondo ĝis tiame, kaj dominis la teritoriojn de la [[Antikva Proksima Oriento]], [[Orienta Mediteraneo]], [[Malgranda Azio]], [[Kaŭkazio]], kaj partojn de la [[Arabio|Araba Duoninsulo]] kaj [[Nordafriko]], eklipsante kaj konkerante rivalojn kiel [[Babilonio]], [[Elam]], [[Persio]], [[Urartu]], [[Lidio]], la [[Medoj]], [[Frigoj]], [[Cimeroj]], [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israelo]], [[Kingdom of Judah|Judaho]], [[Fenicio]], [[Ĥaldeo]], [[Kanaano]], the [[Kushite Empire]], the [[Araboj]], and [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/li-ln/limmu/limmu_1c.html|title=Assyrian Eponym List|publisher=|accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>Tadmor, H. (1994). ''The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria'', p.29</ref>


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Post la konkeroj de [[Adad-nirari la 2-a]] fine de la 10a jarcento a.K., [[Asirio]] aperis kiel la plej pova ŝtato en la mondo ĝis tiame, kaj dominis la teritoriojn de la [[Antikva Proksima Oriento]], [[Orienta Mediteraneo]], [[Malgranda Azio]], [[Kaŭkazio]], kaj partojn de la [[Arabio|Araba Duoninsulo]] kaj [[Nordafriko]], eklipsante kaj konkerante rivalojn kiel [[Babilonio]], [[Elam]], [[Persio]], [[Urartu]], [[Lidio]], la [[Medoj]], [[Frigoj]], [[Cimeroj]], [[Izraela reĝlando|Israelo]], [[Reĝlando de Judujo|Judujo]], [[Fenicio]], [[Ĥaldeoj|Ĥaldeio]], [[Kanaano]], la Kuŝita Imperio, la [[Araboj]], kaj [[Nova Egipta Imperio|Egiptio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/li-ln/limmu/limmu_1c.html|title=Assyrian Eponym List|publisher=|accessdate=23a de novembro 2014}}</ref><ref>Tadmor, H. (1994). ''The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria'', p. 29</ref>
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The Nov-Asiria Imperio succeeded the [[Old Assyrian Empire]] (c. 2025–1378 BC), and the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] (1365–934 BC) of the [[Late Bronze Age]]. During this period, [[Old Aramaic|Aramaic]] was also made an official language of the empire, alongside [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]].<ref name="Frye">{{cite web |authorlink=Richard Nelson Frye |author=Frye, Richard N. |title=Assyria and Syria: Synonyms |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KesgkBziUs |website=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]] |id= |pages= |page= |year=1992 |accessdate= |quote=And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent.}}</ref>
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La Nov-Asiria Imperio sukcedis al la [[Malnov-Asiria Imperio]] (ĉ. 2025–1378 a.K.), kaj al la [[Meza Asiria Imperio]] (1365–934 a.K.) de la [[Late Bronze Age]]. During this period, [[Old Aramaic|Aramaic]] was also made an official language of the empire, alongside [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]].<ref name="Frye">{{cite web |authorlink=Richard Nelson Frye |author=Frye, Richard N. |title=Assyria and Syria: Synonyms |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KesgkBziUs |website=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]] |id= |pages= |page= |year=1992 |accessdate= |quote=And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent.}}</ref>


Upon the death of [[Ashurbanipal]] in 631 BC, the empire began to disintegrate due to a brutal and unremitting series of civil wars in Assyria proper. In 616 BC, [[Cyaxares]] king of the [[Medes]] and [[Persian people|Persians]] made alliances with [[Nabopolassar]] ruler of the [[Babylonians]] and [[Chaldea]]ns, and also the [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]] against Assyria. At the [[Fall of Harran]] (609 BC) the Babylonians and Medes defeated an Assyrian-Egyptian alliance, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state. A [[Siege of Harran|failed attempt]] to reconquer Harran ended the Assyrian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=a+companion+to+Assyria+assur-uballit+failed+attempt+to+reconquer+Harran#v=onepage&q=a%20companion%20to%20Assyria%20assur-uballit%20failed%20attempt%20to%20reconquer%20Harran&f=true|title=A Companion to Assyria|last=Frahm|first=Eckart|date=2017-06-12|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444335934|language=en|page=192}}</ref> Although the empire fell, Assyrian history continued; there are still [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] living in Iran, Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day.<ref name="Assyria">{{cite web|title=Assyria|url=https://www.ancient.eu/assyria/|publisher=Joshua J. Mark}}</ref>
Upon the death of [[Ashurbanipal]] in 631 BC, the empire began to disintegrate due to a brutal and unremitting series of civil wars in Assyria proper. In 616 BC, [[Cyaxares]] king of the [[Medes]] and [[Persian people|Persians]] made alliances with [[Nabopolassar]] ruler of the [[Babylonians]] and [[Chaldea]]ns, and also the [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]] against Assyria. At the [[Fall of Harran]] (609 BC) the Babylonians and Medes defeated an Assyrian-Egyptian alliance, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state. A [[Siege of Harran|failed attempt]] to reconquer Harran ended the Assyrian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=a+companion+to+Assyria+assur-uballit+failed+attempt+to+reconquer+Harran#v=onepage&q=a%20companion%20to%20Assyria%20assur-uballit%20failed%20attempt%20to%20reconquer%20Harran&f=true|title=A Companion to Assyria|last=Frahm|first=Eckart|date=2017-06-12|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444335934|language=en|page=192}}</ref> Although the empire fell, Assyrian history continued; there are still [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] living in Iran, Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day.<ref name="Assyria">{{cite web|title=Assyria|url=https://www.ancient.eu/assyria/|publisher=Joshua J. Mark}}</ref>

Kiel registrite je 18:43, 19 dec. 2019

La Nov-Asiria Imperio estis Ferepoka Mezopotamia imperio, kiu ekzistis inter la jaroj 911 kaj 609 a.K.,[1][2][3] kaj iĝis la plej granda imperio de la mondo ĝis tiu epoko.[4] La Asirianoj perfektigis la fruajn teknikojn de imperia regado, multaj el kiuj iĝis normigaj en postaj imperioj,[5] kaj estis, laŭ multaj historiistoj, la unua reĝa imperio en la historio.[6] La Asirianoj estis la unuaj kiuj uzis armojn el fero, kaj iliaj trupoj uzis novajn, efikajn militotaktikojn.[6]

Post la konkeroj de Adad-nirari la 2-a fine de la 10a jarcento a.K., Asirio aperis kiel la plej pova ŝtato en la mondo ĝis tiame, kaj dominis la teritoriojn de la Antikva Proksima Oriento, Orienta Mediteraneo, Malgranda Azio, Kaŭkazio, kaj partojn de la Araba Duoninsulo kaj Nordafriko, eklipsante kaj konkerante rivalojn kiel Babilonio, Elam, Persio, Urartu, Lidio, la Medoj, Frigoj, Cimeroj, Israelo, Judujo, Fenicio, Ĥaldeio, Kanaano, la Kuŝita Imperio, la Araboj, kaj Egiptio.[7][8]

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La Nov-Asiria Imperio sukcedis al la Malnov-Asiria Imperio (ĉ. 2025–1378 a.K.), kaj al la Meza Asiria Imperio (1365–934 a.K.) de la Late Bronze Age. During this period, Aramaic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside Akkadian.[9]

Upon the death of Ashurbanipal in 631 BC, the empire began to disintegrate due to a brutal and unremitting series of civil wars in Assyria proper. In 616 BC, Cyaxares king of the Medes and Persians made alliances with Nabopolassar ruler of the Babylonians and Chaldeans, and also the Scythians and Cimmerians against Assyria. At the Fall of Harran (609 BC) the Babylonians and Medes defeated an Assyrian-Egyptian alliance, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state. A failed attempt to reconquer Harran ended the Assyrian Empire.[10] Although the empire fell, Assyrian history continued; there are still Assyrians living in Iran, Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day.[11]

  1. ↑ A Companion to Assyria: p. 192
  2. ↑ The Cambridge Ancient History "The fall of Assyria (635–609 B.C.)"
  3. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica "The Median army took part in the final defeat of the Assyrians in northern Mesopotamia (612–609); and, when the territory of Assyria was divided between Media and Babylonia, Media took Assyria with Harran."
  4. ↑ 10 FACTS ON THE ANCIENT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE OF MESOPOTAMIA. Anirudh.
  5. ↑ Pollard, Elizabeth. (2015) Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. W.W. Norton & Company, p. 128. ISBN 978-0-393-92207-3.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Neo-Assyrian Empire. Joshua J. Mark.
  7. ↑ Assyrian Eponym List. Alirita 23a de novembro 2014.
  8. ↑ Tadmor, H. (1994). The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria, p. 29
  9. ↑ Frye, Richard N. (1992) Assyria and Syria: Synonyms. “And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent.”.
  10. ↑ Frahm, Eckart. (2017-06-12) A Companion to Assyria (angle). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444335934.
  11. ↑ Assyria. Joshua J. Mark.
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