Dekkvara Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio: Malsamoj inter versioj

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* {{cite book | last = Foner | first = Eric | author-link = | title = Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514 | url-access = registration | year = 1988 | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 9780062035868 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=cwVkgrvctCcC Preview.]
* {{cite book | last = Foner | first = Eric | author-link = | title = Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514 | url-access = registration | year = 1988 | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 9780062035868 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=cwVkgrvctCcC Preview.]
* {{cite book | last = Goldstone | first = Lawrence | title = Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865–1903 | url = https://archive.org/details/inherentlyunequa0000gold | url-access = registration | year = 2011 | publisher = Walker & Company | isbn = 9780802717924 }} [https://books.google.com/books/about/Inherently_Unequal.html?id=r3CTEefvbQUC Preview.]
* {{cite book | last = Goldstone | first = Lawrence | title = Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865–1903 | url = https://archive.org/details/inherentlyunequa0000gold | url-access = registration | year = 2011 | publisher = Walker & Company | isbn = 9780802717924 }} [https://books.google.com/books/about/Inherently_Unequal.html?id=r3CTEefvbQUC Preview.]
* {{cite journal|last=Graber |first=Mark A. |title=Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1501–1549 |jstor=41708157 |date=Novembro 2012 |url=http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |archive-date=17a de Novembro, 2015 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205536/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1501-1550.pdf Pdf.]
* {{cite journal |last=Graber |first=Mark A. |title=Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1501–1549 |jstor=41708157 |date=Novembro 2012 |url=http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |archive-date=17a de Novembro, 2015 }} {{Webarchiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |date=2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205536/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1501-1550.pdf Pdf.]
* {{cite journal|last=Soifer |first=Aviam |author-link= |title=Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage |journal= Columbia Law Review |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1607–1639 |jstor=41708160 |date=Novembro 2012 |url=http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17a de Novembro, 2015 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183615/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1607-1640.pdf PDF.]
* {{cite journal |last=Soifer |first=Aviam |author-link= |title=Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1607–1639 |jstor=41708160 |date=Novembro 2012 |url=http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17a de Novembro, 2015 }} {{Webarchiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |date=2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183615/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1607-1640.pdf PDF.]


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Kiel registrite je 23:52, 27 aŭg. 2021

La Dekkvara Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio estas unu el la konstituciaj amendoj al la Usona Konstitucio postaj al la Usona Enlanda Milito, kaj inkludas, inter aliaj, la Kodicilon de la Justa Proceso kaj la Kodicilon pri Egaleca Protektado, gravaj en la kadro de la Rekonstrua Epoko. Ĝi estis proponita la 13an de junio 1866, kaj ratifita la 9an de julio 1868.[1]

La amendo havigas ampleksan difinon de nacia civitaneco, kiu nuligas la decidon de la kazo "Dred Scott kontraŭ Sandford" (1857), kiu estis ekskludinta la sklavojn kaj ties posteulojn el la posedo de konstituciaj rajtoj. Per tiu amendo oni postulas al la subŝtatoj, ke ili havigu egalecan protekton antaŭ la leĝo al ĉiuj personoj (kaj ne nur al la nommitaj civitanoj) ene de ties jurisdikcioj. La gravo de la Dekkvara Amendo estis ekzempligita kiam estis interpretata por malpermesi la rasan segregacion en la publikaj lernejoj en la kazo "Brown kontraŭ Stabanaro de Edukado de Topeka".

La aliaj du gravaj amendoj postmilitaj estas la Dektria Amendo (kiu malpermesas la sklavecon) kaj la Dekkvina Amendo (kiu malpermesas la segregacion pri voĉdonado rilate al la raso).

Notoj

  1. U.S. Constitutional Amendments, Findlaw.com, Footnote 6. Alirita la 27an de Aprilo 2021.

Bibliografio

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